Why Do We Get Sick More in Autumn and Winter?

Every autumn, something familiar happens: people start sneezing, blowing their noses, and missing school or work because they feel sick. But why does this happen when the weather turns cold? Dr. Nikki Ramskill, a family doctor and founder of The Female Health Doctor Clinic, says there are several clear reasons why more people get ill during autumn and winter — and there are things we can all do to protect ourselves.

One big reason is that certain viruses become more active in cold weather. The flu is caused by influenza viruses, while the common cold is usually caused by rhinoviruses. These germs spread faster during the colder months, which means more people end up catching them. Covid and norovirus are also more common at this time of year, Dr. Ramskill notes.

Cold air also makes it easier for viruses to get into our bodies. Our noses are designed to trap germs before they make us sick. However, cold and dry air dries out the inside of our noses, which weakens this natural defense. With less moisture in our nasal passages, viruses have an easier time getting through and making us ill.

Where we spend our time also plays a big role. In autumn and winter, people tend to stay inside more often. They close windows and doors to keep warm, which means less fresh air circulates through the room. When air stops moving around, germs can build up more easily and spread from person to person.

Returning to school and work after the summer also helps germs spread. Over the summer, many people spend more time outdoors and away from large groups. But when autumn arrives and everyone goes back to school or the office, they are suddenly close to many other people again. Dr. Ramskill points out that using public transport or working in a busy, open office makes it much easier to pick up a virus.

Young children are especially likely to bring home illnesses from school. Schools are full of germs this time of year, and young kids have not yet built up strong immune systems. Their bodies are still learning how to fight off many of the bugs they come across. This means they can easily catch something at school and pass it on to family members at home.

Busy schedules and poor sleep can also make us more likely to get sick. When people are stressed, not sleeping enough, or not eating well, their immune systems do not work as well as they should. Dr. Ramskill says that taking care of your body is one of the best ways to fight off illness. Giving your body rest and good food helps it stay strong against germs.

So what can you do to stay healthy this season? Dr. Ramskill offers several simple tips. First, dress warmly when you go outside to help your body keep its temperature steady. Eating a varied, healthy diet and getting enough sleep each night are also very important for keeping your immune system strong.

Getting a flu vaccine is one of the most effective steps you can take. In the UK, some people can get a free flu vaccine through the NHS, including people aged 65 and over, pregnant women, those with certain long-term health conditions, and people who live in care homes. If you are not eligible for a free vaccine, you can pay to get one at a pharmacy. Dr. Ramskill strongly recommends that vulnerable people get vaccinated every single year.

Finally, keeping your hands and surfaces clean can make a real difference. Washing your hands regularly helps remove germs before they can enter your body. It is also a good idea to wipe down things like your phone, keyboard, and desk, especially if other people touch them too. These small habits, done every day, can help you avoid getting sick during the toughest months of the year.